1. تحويل الأزمنة (Tenses Conversion)
V1 ⇒ V2
V2 ⇒ had + V3
am / is ⇒ was
are ⇒ was / were
was / were ⇒ had been
do / does + V1 ⇒ did + V1
did + V1 ⇒ had + V3
have / has ⇒ had
had ⇒ had had
will ⇒ would
can ⇒ could
must ⇒ had to
may ⇒ might
2. أقسام الكلام وتحويل الضمائر (Pronouns)
يقسم الكلام المنقول إلى قسمين:
1. Direct speech (الكلام المباشر): وهو نقل الكلام للشخص حرفياً دون تغيير، ويكتب عادة هذا الكلام بين علامات الاقتباس (Cotation).
2. Indirect speech (الكلام غير المباشر): وهو نقل فحوى (معنى) كلام شخص آخر مع التغيير في الزمن والضمائر، وهذا الكلام لا نضعه بين الأقواس أو علامات الاقتباس.
جدول تحويل الضمائر:
I ⇒ he / she
We ⇒ they
my ⇒ his / her
our ⇒ their
me ⇒ him / her
us ⇒ them
myself ⇒ himself / herself
ourselves ⇒ themselves
3. تحويل الظروف والأسماء (Adverbs Conversion)
this ⇒ that
these ⇒ those
today ⇒ that day
tonight ⇒ that night
now ⇒ then / next
ago ⇒ before
at the moment ⇒ at that moment
tomorrow ⇒ the next day
yesterday ⇒ the day before
last + time ⇒ the + time + before
next + time ⇒ time + after